What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING?

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In SQL, WHERE and HAVING are both used to filter records, but they work at different stages of query execution.

🔑 WHERE Clause

  • Filters rows before grouping or aggregation.

  • Works on individual records in a table.

  • Cannot be used with aggregate functions like SUM(), COUNT(), AVG() (unless in a subquery).

  • → Filters rows where department = IT, before grouping or aggregation.

🔑 HAVING Clause

  • Filters groups after aggregation.

  • Always used with GROUP BY.

  • Can work with aggregate functions.

  • → First groups employees by department, then filters groups having more than 5 employees.

⚡ Key Differences

AspectWHEREHAVING
Execution Stage   Before groupingAfter grouping/aggregation
Works OnIndividual rowsGroups or aggregated results
AggregatesCannot use aggregate functions   Can use aggregate functions (SUM(), AVG())
RequirementCan be used without GROUP BYUsually used with GROUP BY

👉 Summary:

  • Use WHERE to filter raw data before grouping.

  • Use HAVING to filter aggregated/grouped results.

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