Write a query to find the second highest salary.

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To find the second highest salary in SQL, you can use several approaches depending on the database system.

🔹 Using LIMIT / OFFSET (MySQL, PostgreSQL):

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM Employees
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1;

• ORDER BY salary DESC sorts salaries in descending order.

• OFFSET 1 skips the highest salary.

• LIMIT 1 fetches the next (second highest).

🔹 Using TOP with NOT IN (SQL Server, Oracle with ROWNUM):

SELECT MAX(salary) AS second_highest
FROM Employees
WHERE salary < (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM Employees);

• Finds the maximum salary less than the overall maximum.

🔹 Using Window Functions (preferred in modern SQL):

SELECT salary
FROM (
   SELECT salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY salary DESC) AS rnk
   FROM Employees
) ranked
WHERE rnk = 2;

• DENSE_RANK() assigns ranks without skipping for duplicate salaries.

• Fetches all salaries ranked 2, handling ties properly.

✅ Summary:

• Use LIMIT & OFFSET for simple cases.

• Use subquery with MAX for older DBs.

• Use window functions for modern, efficient, and tie-safe solutions.

Read More :

What is a primary key and foreign key?

What is indexing in SQL?

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