What are the main issues you can encounter in raw datasets, and how do you clean them?

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Raw datasets often present several common issues that must be addressed through cleaning to ensure accurate and reliable analysis. These main issues include:

  1. Missing Data: Some entries or fields may be incomplete or entirely missing due to errors in data collection, manual entry, or system failures. Missing data can bias outcomes or cause errors in models.

    • Cleaning: Identify missing values and either remove affected rows/columns, fill in gaps using imputation (mean, median, mode, predictive methods), or use placeholder values where appropriate.

  2. Duplicate Records: Duplicate entries inflate metrics, skew analyses, and waste storage.

    • Cleaning: Detect duplicates based on unique identifiers or matching fields and remove or merge them to keep only one distinct record.

  3. Inconsistent Formatting: Data may have inconsistent units, date formats, capitalization, or naming conventions.

    • Cleaning: Standardize formats (e.g., unify date styles), normalize text case, and map different representations of the same entity to a single format.

  4. Incorrect or Outlier Values: Erroneous entries or extreme values can distort statistical measures and machine learning predictions.

    • Cleaning: Detect outliers with statistical methods, then decide whether to correct, transform, or remove them based on domain knowledge.

  5. Irrelevant or Redundant Data: Some data points may not contribute to the analysis goals or be redundant.

    • Cleaning: Remove irrelevant columns or observations that do not help answer the question or may introduce noise.

These cleaning steps often involve data profiling to first detect issues, then applying systematic methods to fix or remove problems. Automation and AI-based tools increasingly support these tasks for improved accuracy and scalability. Effective data cleaning is vital for producing trustworthy, actionable insights and robust machine learning 

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